Basic Physics Principles in Daily Life
அன்றாட வாழ்வில் இயற்பியல் - ஒளியியல், ஒலியியல், வெப்பவியல், மின்சாரம், காந்தவியல் - TNPSC பொது அறிவியல் விளக்கம்.
Learning Content
⚙️ Mechanics - Everyday Applications!
Physics Section on Motion, Force, Work
📊 Mechanics - Everyday applications
| theory | Explanation | An everyday example |
|---|---|---|
| position | Immutability | 🚌 Bus breaks suddenly - we fall forward |
| Friction | Resists motion | 👟 shoe grip, 🚗 brake |
| Centrifugal force | Circular force | 🎢 Roller Coaster, 🧥 Washing Machine |
| Lever | Force amplification | ✂️ Scissors, 🔧 Bottle Opener |
| Wheel & Axle | Low key | 🚲 Bicycle, 🚗 Car Steering |
🎯 Types of levers
| Type I | Evidence is in the middle | Scissors, saws |
| Type II | In the middle of the load | Barn cart, bottle opener |
| Type III | In the middle of the key | Fishing bait, paddle |
💡"Festival"= source, load, force - lever type Remember!
⚡ Electricity - Everyday Uses!
Physics of Electricity & Current
📊 Fundamentals of Electronics
| measurement | unit | formula | application |
|---|---|---|---|
| Current (I) | Ampere (A) | I = Q/t | Power flow rate |
| Voltage (V) | Volt (V) | V = IR | Voltage difference |
| Resistance (R) | Ohm (Ω) | R = V/I | electrical resistance |
| Capacity (P) | Watt (W) | P = VI | Electrical equipment efficiency |
🏠 Home electrical appliances
| 💡 LED bulb | 5-15W | Electricity → Light |
| 📺 TV | 50-150W | Electricity→Light+Sound |
| ❄️ Fridge | 100-400W | Electricity → cooling |
| 🌀 Fan | 50-80W | Electrical → Motion |
| 🔥 Iron Box | 750-1000W | Electricity→Heat |
| ❄️ AC | 1000-2000W | Electricity → cooling |
🎯1 unit = 1 kWh = 1000W × 1 hour
⚡ Electrical safety devices
| fuse | Melts at high current |
| MCB | Miniature Circuit Breaker - Automatic disconnection |
| ELCB | Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker |
| Earthing | The leakage will go to earth |
🧲 Magnetism - Everyday Applications!
Magnetism & Electromagnetism
📊 Magnetic types
| Type | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Natural magnet | Available in nature | Magnetite |
| Artificial magnetism | Man made | Bark, Horseshoe, Needle |
| Electromagnetism | generated by electric current | Motor, generator |
🏠 Everyday magnet applications
| 🧭 Compass | North-South direction |
| 🔊 Speaker | Electromagnetic → Sound |
| 🚪 Fridge Door | Magnetic seal |
| 💳 ATM Card | Magnetic strip information |
| 🔔 Door Bell | Electromagnetism |
| 🏥 MRI Scan | Powerful magnet |
| 🚄 Maglev Train | Magnetic levitation |
⚡ Electromagnetic induction
Faraday's Law:A current is induced when the magnetic field changes
🎯 Application:Generator, Dynamo, Transformer
| Motor | Electricity → Motion |
| Generator | Motion → Electricity |
| Transformer | Voltage change |
💡 Optics - Everyday Applications!
Speed of light = 3 × 10⁸ m/s
📊 Light events
| event | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Echo | Return of light | 🪞 Glass |
| Refraction | Light bending | 🥄 Spoon curve in water |
| Total Internal Resonance | 100% light return | 💎 Diamond Lightning, Optical Fiber |
| marginal effect | Light propagation | 🌈 Colors on CD |
| Dispersion | Light separation | 🌈 Rainbow, shield |
🔍 Lens & Glass
| Convex lens | Concentrates light | 👓 Farsighted glasses, magnifying glasses |
| cavity lens | Spread the light | 👓 Myopia glasses |
| Pit rock | Concentrates light | 🔦 Torch reflector, Headlight |
| Kuvi Audi | Broad view | 🚗 Side mirror, ATM monitoring |
👁️ Eye defects
| Myopia | Near clear, distant dim | cavity lens |
| Hypermetropia | Clear at distance, dim near | Convex lens |
| Astigmatism | Cornea uneven | Cylindrical lens |
| Age perspective | Two deficiencies after aging | Bifocal lens |
💡"Kikuzhi - Tuguvi"= near-sighted-pit, far-sighted-deep!
🔊 Sound - Everyday Applications!
Sound = Vibrational Waves | Speed in air = 343 m/s
📊 Sound characteristics
| trait | measurement | unit |
|---|---|---|
| Loudness | Amplitude | Decibel (dB) |
| Pitch | frequency | Hertz (Hz) |
| Quality | waveform | - |
👂 The human ear - hearing range
| Infrasound | < 20 Hz | Elephant, whale |
| Audible Sound | 20 Hz - 20,000 Hz | Man listens |
| Ultrasound | > 20,000 Hz | Dog, Bat, Sonar |
🏠 Everyday sound applications
| 🏥 Ultrasound Scan | To see the fetus |
| 🚢 SONAR | Deep in the sea, fish |
| 🦇 echo | Guided by bats |
| 🔔 Door Bell | Electrical → Sound |
| 🎸 Musical instrument | Vibration → Sound |
🎯SONAR= Sound Navigation And Ranging
📢 Decibel levels
| 🤫 Whisper | 20 dB |
| 💬 Normal conversation | 60 dB |
| 🚗 Traffic | 70-80 dB |
| ⚠️ Security boundary | 85 dB |
| ✈️ Jet Engine | 140 dB |
🔥 Heat - Everyday Applications!
Temperature unit: °C, °F, K
📊 Methods of heat conduction
| method | Explanation | media | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kidnapping | By touch | Solid | 🥄 Hot pot spoon |
| the temptation | particle motion | liquid, gas | 🌬️ Air circulation, water boiling |
| Radiation | through the waves | No media | ☀️ Solar heat |
🌡️ Temperature change
| °C → °F | F = (9/5)C + 32 |
| °F → °C | C = (5/9)(F - 32) |
| °C → K | K = C + 273 |
🎯0°C = 32°F = 273K(freezing of water)
🎯100°C = 212°F = 373K(boiling point of water)
🏠 Everyday heating applications
| ☕ Thermos Flask | Heat retention (vacuum) |
| ❄️ Fridge | Heat Dissipation |
| 🏠 AC | Convection cooling |
| 🍳 Pressure Cooker | Pressure ↑ = Boiling Point ↑ |
| ☀️ Solar Heater | Radiation → Heat |
📈 Status changes
| Solid → Liquid | Melting | 🧊 Ice → Water |
| Liquid → Gas | Evaporation | 💧 Water → Steam |
| Gas → Liquid | shrinkage | ☁️ Cloud → Rain |
| Solid → Gas | Sublimation | 🧊 Dry Ice, Camphor |
☢️ Nuclear Physics!
E = mc² - Einstein equation
📊 Nuclear reactions
| verb | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Nuclear Fission | Heavy nuclear fission | ☢️ Nuclear bomb, nuclear power plant |
| Nuclear Fusion | Light atomic bonding | ☀️ Sun, hydrogen bomb |
🎯split= breaking large |Fusion= small addition
☢️ Types of Radioactivity
| Ray | Character | Penetration ability | preventing |
|---|---|---|---|
| α (Alpha) | +ve, He nucleus | less | Paper |
| β (beta) | -ve, electron | Medium | Aluminum |
| γ (gamma) | Uncharged, wave | A lot | Lead, concrete |
💡"Abeeka"= alpha-beta-gamma permutative sequence!
🏭 Applications of nuclear energy
| ⚡ Power generation | Nuclear power plant |
| 🏥 Medicine | Cancer treatment, X-Ray, CT, PET Scan |
| 🌾 Agriculture | Pest control by irradiation |
| 🔬 Research | Carbon Dating (Age Prediction) |
| 🚀 Space | Satellite Energy |
🇮🇳 Indian nuclear power plants
| Kalpakkam | Tamil Nadu - MAPS, PFBR |
| Kudankulam | Tamil Nadu - KKNPP |
| Tarapur | Maharashtra - First nuclear power plant |
| Rawatpata | Rajasthan |
| Kagrabar | Gujarat |
👨🔬 Scientists & Inventions!
📊 MASTER TABLE - Scientists
| Scientist | Country | Discovery/Destiny |
|---|---|---|
| Newton | England | Laws of Motion, Gravitation |
| Einstein | Germany | E=mc², theory of relativity |
| Faraday | England | Electromagnetic induction |
| Edison | America | Electric lamp, Phonograph |
| Omg | Germany | V = IR (Ohm's law) |
| Pascal | France | Fluid pressure law |
| Archimedes | Greek | Law of Buoyancy |
| Hertz | Germany | Electromagnetic waves |
| Roentgen | Germany | X-Ray |
| Madame Curie | Poland/France | Radium, radioactivity |
| Rutherford | New Zealand | nuclear model |
| C.V. Raman | India | Raman Effect (Light Scattering) |
🎯 Units & Scientists
| Newton (N) | key |
| Joule (J) | Energy/Work |
| Watt (W) | Ability - James Watt |
| Ohm (Ω) | electrical resistance |
| Ampere (A) | current |
| Volt (V) | Voltage - Volta |
| Hertz (Hz) | frequency |
| Pascal (Pa) | Pressure |
| Kelvin (K) | temperature |
📝 TNPSC Frequently Asked Questions!
🎯 Important Q&A
| Q: Speed of light? | ✅ 3 × 10⁸ m/s |
| Q: Speed of sound (in air)? | ✅ 343 m/s |
| Q: What is the human hearing limit? | ✅ 20 Hz - 20,000 Hz |
| Q: E = mc² - whose formula? | Einstein |
| Q: What field is the Raman effect? | ✅ Optics (light scattering) |
| Q: What reaction takes place in the sun? | ✅ Nuclear Fusion |
| Q: What reaction takes place in a nuclear power plant? | ✅ Nuclear Fission |
| Q: Who invented X-Ray? | ✅ X-ray |
| Q: Who invented the electric light bulb? | Edison |
| Q: Who discovered radioactivity? | Henri Becquerel |
| Q: Who discovered radium? | Madame Curie |
| Q: India's first nuclear power plant? | Tarapur (Maharashtra) |
| Q: 1 HP = ? | ✅ 746 W |
| Q: Myopia - Which Lens? | ✅ Cavity lens |
| Q: Farsightedness - Which Lens? | ✅ Convex lens |
| Q: SONAR Expansion? | ✅ Sound Navigation And Ranging |
| Q: Thermos Flask - Any Anti-Smuggling? | ✅ All three (Conduction, Temptation, Radiation) |
💡 SUPER SHORTCUTS & MEMORY TIPS!
🎯 Sutra Memory TRICKS
| VIR | V = IR (Ohm's law) | Shout "vir"! |
| FMA | F = ma (Newton II) | "F-M-A" |
| PFA | P = F/A (pressure) | "PFA" |
| EMC² | E = mc² (Einstein) | "E-M-C-Square" |
🔢 NUMBER MEMORY TRICKS
| speed of light | 3 × 10⁸ m/s | "Three Zero Eight" |
| speed of sound | 343 m/s | "three-four-three" |
| value of g | 9.8 m/s² | "Under Ten" |
| 1 HP | 746 W | "Seven-Four-Six" |
| Hearing range | 20 - 20000 Hz | "twenty-twenty thousand" |
💡 Memory sentences
"Kikuzhi - Tuguvi"= nearsighted-concave lens, farsighted-convex lens
"Abeeka"= Alpha < Beta < Gamma (order of penetrating power)
"Festival"= source, load, force (lever parts)
"squeeze"= conduction, convection, radiation (modes of heat conduction)
"VIBGYOR"= Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red (rainbow colors)
⚡ Energy conversion QUICK
| Motor | E → Motion |
| Generator | Motion → E |
| Battery | Vedhi → E |
| Solar Cell | Light → Electricity |
| Mike | sound → electricity |
| Speaker | Electrical → Sound |
🎯 COMPARISON - Fission vs Fusion
| feature | Fission | Fusion |
|---|---|---|
| Atom | Heavy (U-235) | Mild (H) |
| action | breaking down | connection |
| Example | Nuclear bomb | the sun |
| Control | Easy | difficult |
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