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தேர்தல்

இந்திய தேர்தல் முறை, தேர்தல் ஆணையம், வாக்களிக்கும் முறைகள், தேர்தல் சீர்திருத்தங்கள் பற்றிய விளக்கம்

கற்றல் உள்ளடக்கம்

🗳️ தேர்தல் ஆணையம் - Election Commission of India (Part XV, Art.324-329)

இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பின் Part XV-ல் தேர்தல் பற்றிய விவரங்கள் உள்ளன.

📊 Election Commission Structure - SVG
🗳️ Election Commission of India (Art.324) ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA Established: 25th January 1950 | Art.324 👑 Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) First CEC: Sukumar Sen Election Commissioner 1 Since 1989 Election Commissioner 2 Since 1989 📋 CEC & EC Details • Appointment: President • Term: 6 years or 65 age (whichever earlier) • Salary: Equal to SC Judge • CEC Removal: Impeachment (like SC Judge) • EC Removal: CEC recommendation • Multi-member: Since 1989 (T.N. Seshan era: 1993) ⚙️ Functions of ECI 1. Conduct Elections (Parliament, State, President, VP) 2. Prepare Electoral Rolls 3. Recognize Political Parties 4. Allot Election Symbols 5. Model Code of Conduct 6. Settle Election Disputes (Symbols) 🗳️ Elections Conducted by ECI Conducts: Parliament (LS, RS), State Legislature (LA, LC), President, Vice President Does NOT Conduct: Panchayat & Municipality (State Election Commission - Art.243K) Does NOT Conduct: Speaker, Deputy Speaker elections (Parliament conducts)
📋 Election Commission - Key Articles
Article Subject Details
324 Election Commission Superintendence, direction, control of elections
325 Single Electoral Roll No discrimination on religion, race, caste, sex
326 Adult Suffrage 18 years (61st Amendment 1988)
327 Parliament's Power Parliament can make laws for elections
328 State Legislature Power State can make laws for State elections
329 Bar to Court No court interference in electoral matters
👑 Chief Election Commissioners - Important
1st CEC Sukumar Sen (1950-58) Conducted first 2 General Elections
Famous CEC T.N. Seshan (1990-96) Reformed ECI, Model Code strict
Longest Serving Sukumar Sen 8 years
Current CEC Rajiv Kumar (2024) 25th CEC

🗳️ வாக்களிக்கும் முறைகள் - Voting Systems in India 

நேரடி தேர்தல், மறைமுக தேர்தல், விகிதாச்சார பிரதிநிதித்துவம் பற்றிய விளக்கம்

📊 Types of Voting Systems - SVG
🗳️ Voting Systems in India 📗 Direct Election (FPTP) First Past The Post System • People directly vote • Simple majority wins • Used for: - Lok Sabha - Vidhan Sabha - Panchayat & Municipality • Secret Ballot, Adult Suffrage (18+) 📙 Indirect Election (PR-STV) Proportional Representation - Single Transferable Vote • Elected representatives vote • Preference voting (1, 2, 3...) • Used for: - President (Electoral College) - Vice President (MPs only) - Rajya Sabha - Vidhan Parishad 👑 President Election (Art.54-55) • Electoral College: Elected MPs + Elected MLAs • Nominated members: NOT included • Value of Vote calculated by formula • Total Value: MPs = MLAs (Uniformity) 🎖️ Vice President Election (Art.66) • Electoral College: All MPs (LS + RS) Nominated MPs included • MLAs: NOT included • Each MP: 1 Vote (Equal value) 🎯 Key Differences - President vs VP Election President: Elected MPs + Elected MLAs | Nominated ❌ | MLAs ✅ | Vote Value varies VP: All MPs (LS+RS) | Nominated ✅ | MLAs ❌ | Each MP = 1 Vote Both: PR-STV System | Secret Ballot | No Nomination by MP/MLA themselves
📋 Election Types Comparison
Position Electoral College Method Article
Lok Sabha People (Adult Suffrage) FPTP - Direct 326
Rajya Sabha Elected MLAs PR-STV - Indirect 80
Vidhan Sabha People (Adult Suffrage) FPTP - Direct 326
Vidhan Parishad Mixed (MLAs, Local Bodies, Teachers, Graduates, Governor) PR-STV 171
President Elected MPs + Elected MLAs PR-STV 54-55
Vice President All MPs (Elected + Nominated) PR-STV 66
📊 President Vote Value Formula
MLA Vote Value =

Total Population of State ÷ (Total MLAs × 1000)

Total MP Vote Value =

Total MLA Votes ÷ Total Elected MPs

UP MLA Value Highest (208)
Sikkim MLA Value Lowest (7)
MP Value 700 (approximately)
Total Electoral College ~10.98 Lakh votes

📊 தேர்தல் சீர்திருத்தங்கள் - Electoral Reforms & Political Parties 

📋 Important Electoral Reforms
Year Amendment/Act Reform
1988 61st Amendment Voting Age: 21 → 18
1989 RPA Amendment Multi-member ECI
1996 SC Judgment Criminal Cases disclosure mandatory
1998 RPA Amendment NOTA concept discussed
2003 RPA Amendment Postal Ballot for Service Voters
2004 EVM Introduction Electronic Voting Machines nationwide
2009 RPA Amendment Overseas Indians voting rights
2013 SC Judgment (PUCL) NOTA introduced
2017 ECI Order VVPAT mandatory
2021 Election Laws Act Aadhaar-Voter ID linking (optional)
🏛️ Political Parties Recognition
Type Criteria Symbol
National Party 6% votes in 4+ States + 4 LS MPs OR 2% LS seats from 3+ States Reserved Symbol (All India)
State Party 6% votes in State + 2 LA seats OR 3% LA seats OR 1 LS/LA per 25 allotted Reserved Symbol (In that State)
Registered Party Registration under RPA 1951 Free Symbol
National Parties (2024):
  1. BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party)
  2. INC (Indian National Congress)
  3. BSP (Bahujan Samaj Party)
  1. CPI(M) (Communist Party of India - Marxist)
  2. AAP (Aam Aadmi Party)
  3. NPP (National People's Party)
📋 Anti-Defection Law (52nd Amendment 1985)
Feature Details
Added 10th Schedule (52nd Amendment 1985)
Purpose Prevent political defection
Disqualification Voluntarily giving up party membership, voting against party whip
Exception (Original) 1/3 members split - removed by 91st Amendment 2003
Merger Allowed 2/3 of party members merge with another (91st Amendment)
Decision by Speaker/Chairman (Final, Judicial Review limited)
Kihoto Hollohan Case 1992 - Speaker's decision subject to judicial review
📊 Important Committees on Electoral Reforms
Committee Year Key Recommendations
Tarkunde Committee 1974-75 Proportional Representation, State funding
Dinesh Goswami Committee 1990 EVM, Voter ID, Anti-defection
Vohra Committee 1993 Criminalization of Politics
Indrajit Gupta Committee 1998 State Funding of Elections
Law Commission (170th) 1999 Comprehensive Electoral Reforms
2nd ARC 2007 Ethics in Governance

🎯 TNPSC Shortcuts - Elections! 

🧠 Master Memory Formula - SVG
🎯 Elections - Memory Tricks 🎯 🗳️ ECI (Art.324-329) - "Part XV" 📌 Established: 25 Jan 1950 📌 1st CEC: Sukumar Sen 📌 Famous CEC: T.N. Seshan (Reformed) 📌 Multi-member: Since 1989 📌 Term: 6 yrs or 65 age 📜 Key Articles - "324-329" 324: ECI Constitution 325: Single Electoral Roll 326: Adult Suffrage (18 yrs - 61st Amd) 329: Bar to Courts 📌 Memory: "324-ECI, 326-18" 🗳️ Election Types - "FP vs PR" FPTP (Direct): LS, LA, Panchayat, Municipality PR-STV (Indirect): President, VP, RS, LC 📌 Memory: "Direct = People | Indirect = Reps" 📌 FPTP = First Past The Post 👑 President vs VP Election President: Elected MPs + Elected MLAs VP: All MPs (Elected + Nominated) 📌 President: MLAs ✅ Nominated ❌ 📌 VP: MLAs ❌ Nominated ✅ 📋 Anti-Defection (10th Schedule) 📌 52nd Amendment 1985 - Added 10th Schedule 📌 91st Amendment 2003 - 1/3 → 2/3 merger 📌 Kihoto Hollohan Case: 1992 (Judicial Review) 📊 Key Reforms 📌 61st Amd 1988: Voting Age 21→18 📌 NOTA: 2013 (PUCL Case) 📌 VVPAT: 2017 (Mandatory) 🏛️ National Party = "6% in 4 States + 4 MPs" OR "2% LS seats from 3 States" Current National Parties (6): BJP, INC, BSP, CPI(M), AAP, NPP 🎯 FINAL: "324-329=PartXV | 326=18(61st) | FPTP=LS,LA | PR=Pres,VP,RS" 52nd=10thSch | 91st=2/3Merger | NOTA=2013 | VVPAT=2017
📝 TNPSC One-Liners
📌 ECI எந்த Part? Part XV (Art.324-329)
📌 ECI Established? 25th January 1950
📌 1st CEC? Sukumar Sen
📌 Voting Age Article? Art.326 (18 years - 61st Amendment)
📌 Anti-Defection Schedule? 10th Schedule (52nd Amendment 1985)
📌 Merger requires? 2/3 members (91st Amendment 2003)
📌 President Election Method? PR-STV (Indirect)
📌 VP Election - MLAs? ❌ Not Included
📌 NOTA introduced? 2013 (PUCL Case)
📌 CEC Removal? Impeachment (like SC Judge)
📌 National Parties? 6 (BJP, INC, BSP, CPI-M, AAP, NPP)
📌 Panchayat Election by? State Election Commission (Art.243K)
🔥 FAQ - அடிக்கடி கேட்கப்படும் கேள்விகள்
Q1: Panchayat தேர்தலை யார் நடத்துவார்?
A: State Election Commission (Art.243K) - Not ECI
Q2: VP Election-ல் MLAs உள்ளடக்கமா?
A: ❌ No - Only MPs (Elected + Nominated)
Q3: Anti-Defection Law எந்த Schedule?
A: 10th Schedule (52nd Amendment 1985)
Q4: CEC-ஐ யார் Remove செய்யலாம்?
A: Impeachment - Same as SC Judge (Parliament 2/3)
Q5: Voting Age எப்போது 18 ஆனது?
A: 61st Amendment 1988 (Art.326)
🎯 Quick Revision Chart
Topic Key Point
ECI Part XV (324-329)
Voting Age 18 (61st Amd)
CEC Term 6 yrs or 65 age
FPTP Elections LS, LA, Panchayat
PR-STV Elections President, VP, RS, LC
Anti-Defection 10th Sch (52nd Amd)
Merger 2/3 (91st Amd)
NOTA 2013 (PUCL)
Panchayat Election SEC (Art.243K)

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