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Emergency Provisions

Detailed explanation of National Emergency, State Emergency, Financial Emergency

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🚨 Emergency Provisions (Part XVIII, Art.352-360)

The most powerful part of the Indian Constitution is taken from the German Constitution

📊 Three Types of Emergency - SVG
🚨 Emergency Provisions (Part XVIII, Art.352-360) 3 TYPES OF EMERGENCY 🔴 National Emergency Art. 352 • War, External Aggression • Armed Rebellion • Proclaimed:3 times • 1962, 1971, 1975 Duration:Indefinite Parliament:1 month + 6 months • FR Suspended: Art.19 auto • Art.20, 21:Never suspended 🟡 State Emergency Art.356 (President's Rule) • Constitutional Machinery Failure in State • Most Used:130+ times Duration:Max 3 years Parliament:2 months + 6 months • S.R. Mumbai Case: 1994 • Judicial Review: Yes • First: Punjab (1951) 🟢 Financial Emergency Art. 360 • Financial Stability Threat • Credit of India threatened • Proclaimed:NEVER Duration:Indefinite Parliament:2 months • Can reduce salaries • SC/HC Judges included • State Money Bills reserved 📋 Key Comparison 352:Cabinet Written Recommendation (44th Amendment) |356:Governor Report (or otherwise) |360:President's satisfaction 352:Special Majority |356:Simple Majority |360:Simple Majority 📜 44th Amendment 1978 - Major Changes to Emergency • "Internal Disturbance" →"Armed Rebellion"| Cabinet written recommendation mandatory • Art.20, 21 cannot be suspended Judicial Review restored LS can revoke by Simple Majority
📋 Three Emergencies Comparison
Feature National (352) State (356) Financial (360)
Ground War/Armed Rebellion Constitutional Failure Financial Instability
Times Used 3 130+ Never
Parliament Approval 1 month 2 months 2 months
Extension 6 months (indefinite) 6 months (max 3 years) Indefinite
Majority Required Special Majority Simple Majority Simple Majority
FR Affected Art.19 suspended Not affected Not affected
Revocation President/LS President President

🔴 National Emergency - National Emergency (Art.352)

War, foreign aggression, armed rebellion is declared due

📊 National Emergency Flow - SVG
🔴 National Emergency - Art.352 Grounds for Proclamation War | External Aggression | Armed Rebellion (Internal Disturbance changed to Armed Rebellion - 44th Amendment) 1. Cabinet Written Recommendation 2. President Proclaims Emergency 3. Parliament Approval Within 1 Month 📋 Parliamentary Approval • Both Houses must approve •Special Majorityrequired • (2/3 present + voting, 50%+ total) • Extension: Every6 months ⚠️ Effects of National Emergency • Art.19 -Automatically Suspended • Other FR - Suspended by Art.359 • Art.20, 21 -Cannot be suspended • Federal → Unitary 📜 National Emergency History - 3 Times 1st:1962 (Oct 26) - China War - PM: Nehru - Lasted till 1968 2nd:1971 (Dec 3) - Pakistan War - PM: Indira Gandhi - Lasted till 1977 3rd:1975 (June 25) - Internal Disturbance - PM: Indira Gandhi - Most Controversial - Lasted till 1977
📋 Key Articles - National Emergency
Article Subject Details
352 Proclamation of Emergency War, External Aggression, Armed Rebellion
353 Effect on Centre-State Relations Parliament can legislate on State List
354 Distribution of Revenues President can modify financial provisions
358 Suspension of Art.19 Automatically suspended during emergency
359 Suspension of Other FR President can suspend enforcement (except Art.20, 21)
📋 Revocation of National Emergency
By President Can revoke anytime by subsequent proclamation
By Lok Sabha If 1/10 members give notice + Simple Majority passes resolution (44th Amd)
Note Rajya Sabha cannot revoke

🏛️ President's Rule (Art.356) & Financial Emergency (Art.360)

State administrative failure and financial crisis

📊 President's Rule Art.356 - SVG
🏛️ President's Rule - Art.356 Ground: Constitutional Machinery Failure in State (Based on Governor's Report or Otherwise) 📋 Effects of President's Rule • President assumes all State Executive functions • State LegislatureDissolved/Suspended • Parliament legislates for the State • Governor administers on behalf of President •HC Powers NOT affected ⏱️ Duration • Initial:2 Months(without Parliament approval) • With approval:6 Monthsat a time Maximum:3 Years • Beyond 1 year: Special conditions needed (National Emergency OR EC certification) 📊 President's Rule Statistics Total Impositions:130+ times since 1950 Most:Punjab (10), UP (10), Kerala (9) First:Punjab (1951) Longest:Punjab (1987-92, 5 yrs) Shortest:Few days Bommai Case (1994):SC laid strict guidelines - Floor test mandatory, judicial review possible
💰 Financial Emergency Art.360 - SVG
💰 Financial Emergency - Art.360 Ground: Financial Stability/Credit of India Threatened ⚠️ NEVER DECLARED SO FAR! 📋 Effects if declared • Center can direct States on financial matters • Reduce salaries of Govt employees • Even Judges' salaries can be reduced • Money Bills reserved for President ⏱️ Duration & Approval Approval:2 Months Majority:Simple Majority •No Maximum Duration • Continues until revoked by the President
📊 3 Emergencies - Complete Comparison
Feature National (352) State/President's Rule (356) Financial (360)
Ground War/Aggression/Armed Rebellion Constitutional Failure Financial Instability
Initial Approval 1 Month 2 Months 2 Months
Majority Special (2/3) Simple Simple
Extension Every 6 months Every 6 months No provision
Max Duration Indefinite 3 Years Indefinite
FR Affected Art.19 + Others (not 20,21) No FR suspended No FR suspended
Times Imposed 3 times 130+ times Never
LS Revocation Yes (44th Amendment) No No
State Scope Whole India or Part One State only Whole India or Part
⚖️ S.R. Bommai Case (1994) - Landmark Guidelines
Case S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) - 9 Judge Bench
Guideline 1 President's Rule subject toJudicial Review
Guideline 2 Floor Testmandatory before dismissing govt
Guideline 3 Cannot dissolve Assembly before Parliament approval
Guideline 4 Secularism isBasic Structureof Constitution
Effect Misuse of Art.356 drastically reduced after this case

🧠 Emergency - Memory Tricks & Shortcuts

Easy to remember for TNPSC Exam

📊 Memory Formula - SVG
🧠 Emergency Memory Tricks 352 - 356 - 360 National | State | Financial (Gap of 4) W.A.R = ​​Art.352 W = War A = Aggression (External) R = Rebellion (Armed) 1-2-2 Formula National = 1 Month State = 2 Months Financial = 2 Months 62-71-75 1962 = China War 1971 = Pakistan War 1975 = Internal (25 June) 44th Amendment (1978) = ICALS I = Internal → Armed Rebellion C = Cabinet Written recommendation A = Art.20, 21 Cannot be suspended L = LS can revoke by Simple Majority S = Special Majority for approval FR Suspension = Only 352 Art.19 = Auto Suspended (358) Other FR = By Art.359 order Art.20 + 21 = NEVER SUSPENDED State & Financial = No FR suspended Majority = Special vs Simple National (352) =SPECIAL (2/3) State (356) = Simple Financial (360) = Simple Maximum Duration National =Indefinite(6 month extensions) State =3 Years MAX Financial = Indefinite (Never declared)
🔢 Quick Number Tricks
352 = 3+5+2 = 10 10 = Perfect for Nation (War needs perfection)
356 = President's Rule 3+5+6 = 14 = Valentine's Day = President loves to rule!
360 = Full Circle 360° = Financial cycle, Never used = Zero times
44th Amendment 44 = Double 4 = Double Protection (Art.20, 21)
Part XVIII 18 = Emergency Part (18 = 1+8 = 9 Articles: 352-360)
📋 TNPSC Expected Questions
# Question Type Quick Answer
1 National Emergency Article? 352
2 President's Rule Article? 356
3 Financial Emergency Article? 360
4 How many times National Emergency? 3 times (62, 71, 75)
5 Financial emergency imposed? Never
6 Which FR auto suspended? Art.19
7 Which FR cannot be suspended? Art.20, 21
8 Max duration of State Emergency? 3 Years
9 Approval time for Art.352? 1 Month
10 Which Amendment protected Art.20,21? 44th (1978)
11 Bommai Case Year? 1994
12 First President's Rule State? Punjab (1951)
13 Emergency Part in Constitution? Part XVIII
14 Who can revoke National Emergency? President or Lok Sabha
🎯 One-Liner Summary
352-356-360 = WAR-FAIL-MONEY = Nation-State-Finance
Part XVIII Art.352-360 (9 Articles)
Most Important Amendment 44th Amendment 1978 - Post Emergency reforms
Most Important Case S.R. Bommai 1994 - Art.356 Guidelines
Golden Rule Art.20 (Double Jeopardy) & Art.21 (Life) = NEVER SUSPENDED
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