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Human Rights

Human Rights, UDHR, NHRC, SHRC, International Conventions

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✊ Human Rights - Human Rights

Fundamental rights of every human born

📊 Human Rights Overview - SVG
✊ Human Rights - Human rights "Rights inherent to all human beings regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion" - United Nations 📜 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) Adopted: December 10, 1948 | UN General Assembly Total Articles: 30 | Paris, France December 10 = Human Rights Day (World) 📅 Key Milestones Magna Carta 1215 England - King John First Rights Document Bill of Rights (US) 1791 First 10 Amendments US Constitution French Declaration 1789 Rights of Man & Citizen UDHR 1948 Universal 30 Articles 📋 3 Generations of Human Rights 1st Gen: Civil & Political Life, Liberty, Expression ICCPR (1966) 2nd Gen: Economic, Social Work, Education, Health ICESCR (1966) 3rd Gen: Collective Rights Environment, Development Emerging Rights
📋 Important UN Conventions
Convention Year Focus
UDHR 1948 Universal Declaration - 30 Articles
ICCPR 1966 Civil & Political Rights
ICESCR 1966 Economic, Social, Cultural Rights
CEDAW 1979 Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
CRC 1989 Convention on Rights of Child
CRPD 2006 Rights of Persons with Disabilities
📅 Important Days
December 10 Human Rights Day (World) - UDHR Adopted 1948
January 30 World Leprosy Day / Martyrs Day (India)
March 8 International Women's Day
June 20 World Refugee Day
July 30 World Day Against Trafficking
December 3 International Day of Disabled Persons

🏛️ NHRC - National Human Rights Commission

National Human Rights Commission - Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993

📊 NHRC Structure - SVG
🏛️ NHRC - National Human Rights Commission Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 Established: October 12, 1993 Amended: 2006 & 2019 Statutory Body (Not Constitutional) 📋 Composition (After 2019 Amd) 1. Chairperson: Former CJI or SC Judge 2. Member: Serving/Former SC Judge 3. Member: Serving/Former HC Chief Justice 4-5. Two Members: HR knowledge/experience 6-8. Ex-officio: NCW, NCM, NCSC, NCST NCBC, Chief Commissioner for Disabilities Commissioner for Protection of Child Rights 🗳️ Selection Committee 1. PM (Chairperson) 2. Speaker of Lok Sabha 3. Home Minister 4. Leader of Opposition (LS) 5. Leader of Opposition (RS) 6. Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha ⏱️ Tenure • 3 Years (2019 Amendment) • (Earlier 5 years) • Age: 70 years • Eligible for reappointment • (5 years total maximum) 💰 Salary Chairperson: = CJI salary Members: = SC Judge salary 🔴 Removal By President on SC reference Grounds: Proved misbehaviour or incapacity
⚡ Powers & Functions of NHRC
# Power/Function Details
1 Inquire Suo motu or on complaint of HR violations
2 Visit Jails, detention centers to inspect conditions
3 Review Constitutional & legal safeguards for HR
4 Study Treaties & international instruments on HR
5 Research Undertake & promote HR research
6 Spread Awareness HR literacy among people
7 Encourage NGOs Working in HR field
8 Intervene In court proceedings related to HR
⚠️ Limitations of NHRC
No Binding Power Recommendations not binding on govt
No Prosecution Cannot prosecute violators directly
Armed Forces Limited role - Only seek report from Central Govt
1 Year Limit Cannot inquire complaints older than 1 year
Toothless Tiger Often called due to lack of enforcement power

🏛️ SHRC & Other Human Rights Bodies

State Human Rights Commission & Related Bodies

📊 SHRC & Other Bodies - SVG
🏛️ SHRC & Other Human Rights Bodies State Human Rights Commission (SHRC) Under: Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 Chairperson: Former HC Chief Justice Tenure: 3 years or 70 years Selection: CM headed committee 📊 NHRC vs SHRC NHRC: • Chair: Former CJI/SC Judge • Selection: PM headed • Jurisdiction: Central + State matters SHRC: • Chair: Former HC CJ • Selection: CM headed • Jurisdiction: State matters only • Both: 3 years tenure ⚖️ Human Rights Courts Section 30 of PHR Act, 1993 • State Govt to specify Court of Session as HR Court in each district • Special Public Prosecutor appointed by State Govt 📋 Related National Commissions NCSC National Commission for SC Art. 338 Constitutional NCST National Commission for ST Art.338A Constitutional NCBC National Commission for BC Art.338B Constitutional (102nd) NCM National Commission for Minorities 1992 Act Statutory
📋 All Related Commissions
Commission Article/Act Status Year
NHRC PHR Act 1993 Statutory 1993
NCSC Art. 338 Constitutional 1978/2003
NCST Art.338A Constitutional 2003
NCBC Art.338B Constitutional 2018 (102nd Amendment)
NCW NCW Act 1990 Statutory 1992
NCM NCM Act 1992 Statutory 1993
NCPCR CPCR Act 2005 Statutory 2007
🌍 International Human Rights Bodies
Body Est. Location Function
UN Human Rights Council 2006 Geneva Replaced UN Commission on HR
ICC (International Criminal Court) 2002 The Hague War crimes, Genocide
ICJ (International Court of Justice) 1945 The Hague UN's principal judicial organ
OHCHR 1993 Geneva Office of High Commissioner for HR

🧠 Human Rights - Memory Tricks

Easy to remember for TNPSC Exam

📊 Memory Formula - SVG
🧠 Human Rights - Memory Tricks UDHR = Dec 10, 1948 = 30 Articles 10+12+1948 = Easy to remember! | Paris NHRC = 1993 PHR Act = 1993 Statutory (Not Constitutional) 3-70 = NHRC Tenure 3 years OR 70 years (After 2019 AMD - was 5 yrs) PM-SP-HM-LoP-LoP-DC 6 Member Selection Committee (PM heads) NHRC Chair = Former CJI/SC SHRC Chair = Former HC CJ N=National=SC | S=State=HC 338-338A-338B NCSC (338) | NCST (338A) | NCBC (338B) All Constitutional Bodies 1215 = Magna Carta First HR Document England - King John Dec 10 = HR Day UDHR Adopted 1948 World Human Rights Day 1 Year = NHRC Limit Cannot inquire older Complaints (Limitation)
🔢 Quick Memory Formulas
UDHR 1948 Dec 10, 1948 - 30 Articles - Paris
NHRC 1993 PHR Act 1993 - Statutory Body
3-70 NHRC Tenure: 3 years or 70 years (2019 Amd)
CJI/SC Chair NHRC Chairperson = Former CJI or SC Judge
338-338A-338B NCSC, NCST, NCBC (Constitutional)
December 10 World Human Rights Day
1215 Magna Carta - First HR Document
1 Year NHRC complaint limitation
📋 TNPSC Expected Questions
# Question Type Quick Answer
1 UDHR adopted date? December 10, 1948
2 UDHR total articles? 30
3 NHRC Act year? 1993 (PHR Act)
4 What type of body is NHRC? Statutory
5 NHRC Chairperson qualification? Former CJI or SC Judge
6 NHRC tenure? 3 years or 70 years
7 Human Rights Day? December 10
8 Magna Carta year? 1215
9 NCSC Article? Art. 338
10 NCST Article? Art.338A
11 NCBC Article? Art.338B (102nd Amendment 2018)
12 NHRC complaint time limit? 1 Year
🎯 One-Liner Summary
"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights" - UDHR Art.1
UDHR Dec 10, 1948 - 30 Articles
NHRC 1993 - Statutory - 3 years tenure
Chair Former CJI or SC Judge
HR Day December 10
First HR Doc Magna Carta 1215
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