Recent Discoveries in Science and Technology
Space, Medical, AI, Defense Technology and Indian Science Achievements
Learning Content
Recent Innovations in Science & Technology
In the 21st century, science and technology are developing rapidly.IndiaIt is making great achievements in the fields of space, medicine, AI and military. Institutions like ISRO, DRDO, CSIR have played a major role in the development of Indian science.
🚀 Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
📊 Comparison of space projects
| project | year | Purpose | condition | Special |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chandrayaan-3 | 2023 | Moon's South Pole | ✓ Success | 4th country landing |
| Aditya-L1 | 2023 | Solar exploration | ✓ In process | First solar project |
| XPoSat | 2024 | X-ray Polarimetry | ✓ Success | Stargazing |
| Gaganyan | 2025 | Human space travel | ⏳ Planning | First Indian astronaut |
| Chandrayaan-4 | 2027 | Sample Return | 📋 Development | A lunar soil sample |
| Shukrayan | 2028 | Exploration of Venus | 📋 Planning | Exploration of Venus |
⚡ Shortcuts - to remember
ISRO Important Dates
- 1969- ISRO Institute
- 1975- Aryabhata (first satellite)
- 2014- Mangalyaan (Tuesday)
- 2023- Chandrayaan-3 success
Array of missiles
- PSLV - Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
- GSLV - Geosynchronous SLV
- LVM3 - Launch Vehicle Mark 3
2023 Achievements
- bCust 23 - Landing of Chandrayaan-3
- SecOctober 2 - Launch of Aditya-L1
💡 Important points for exam
- ✅ISRO- 1969 Institute, Bangalore, Chairman: S. Somanath
- ✅Chandrayaan-3- August 23, 2023 - Lunar South Pole Landing
- ✅Aditya-L1- India's first solar exploration project, L1 point
- ✅Gaganyan- India's first manned space mission (2025)
- ✅Mangalyan- First attempt to orbit Mars (2014)
- ✅NavIC- Indian GPS system, 7 satellites
- ✅104 satellites- World record in single launch (2017)
Artificial Intelligence & Digital Technology
Artificial Intelligence (AI)It has grown into the most important technology of the 21st century. ChatGPT, Google Gemini, Indian AI projects are changing the world. IndiaDigital IndiaAndAI MissionIt is progressing in technological development.
🤖 Types of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
📊 AI & Digital Technology Comparison
| Technology | Company | year | application | Special |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ChatGPT | OpenAI | 2022 | Text generation, coding | GPT-4o Multimodal |
| Google Gemini | 2023 | AI Assistant | Ultra, Pro, Nano | |
| Claude | Anthropic | 2023 | Safe AI | Constitutional AI |
| Sora | OpenAI | 2024 | Text-to-Video | 60 sec HD Video |
| UPI | NPCI/India | 2016 | Digital payment | 12B+ transactions/month |
| Digital Rupee | RBI | 2022 | CBDC | Central Bank Digital Currency |
⚡ Shortcuts - to remember
Types of AI
- Machine Learning - Learning from data
- Deep Learning - Neural Networks
- NLP - Language Comprehension
- Computer Vision - Image Analysis
Indian Digital Dates
- 2015- Launch of Digital India
- 2016- UPI startup
- 2022- 5G & Digital Rupee
AI companies
- OpenAI - ChatGPT, Sora
- Google - Gemini
- Anthropic - Claude
- Meta - Llama
💡 Important points for exam
- ✅ChatGPT- OpenAI, 2022 Nov, GPT-4o Multimodal
- ✅Google Gemini- December 2023, Ultra/Pro/Nano models
- ✅Digital India- 2015 July 1, Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker
- ✅UPI- 2016 April, NPCI, 12+ billion transaction/month
- ✅India AI Mission- 2024, ₹10,372 crore fund
- ✅5G India- 2022 October, Jio, Airtel lead
- ✅Digital Rupee (e₹)- RBI CBDC, 2022 start
Medical & Health Technology
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about revolutionary changes in medical technology.mRNA vaccines, CRISPR gene editing, AI-assisted diagnosisetc. are major achievements of modern medicine. IndiaCovaxin, CovishieldIt is the world's pharmacy producing vaccines like
💉 Vaccine technology
📊 Medical Technology Comparison
| Technology | application | Special | Indian position |
|---|---|---|---|
| mRNA Vaccine | The COVID-19 vaccine | 2023 Nobel Prize | Gennova - mRNA-1273 |
| CRISPR-Cas9 | Gene Editing | 2020 Nobel Prize | CSIR-IGIB Research |
| CAR-T Cell | Cancer Treatment | Cell therapy | NexCAR19 (IIT-B) |
| AI Diagnostics | Diagnosis | X-ray, CT Scan Analysis | AIIMS, Qure.ai |
| Telemedicine | Online Consultation | eSanjeevani | 15+ crore consultations |
| Digital Health ID | Health Records | ABHA Card | 50+ crore registrations |
⚡ Shortcuts - to remember
Types of vaccines
- MRNA - Pfizer, Moderna
- Viral Vector - Covishield
- Inactivated - Covaxin
- Protein - Corbevax
Indian Vaccines
- Covaccine - Bharat Biotech
- Covishield - Serum Institute
- Corbevax - Biological E
Nobel Prize Dates
- 2020- CRISPR (Chemistry)
- 2023- mRNA Technology
- 2024- MicroRNA
💡 Important points for exam
- ✅Covaxin- Bharat Biotech + ICMR, Inactivated vaccine
- ✅Covishield- Serum Institute, AstraZeneca License
- ✅mRNA Vaccine- 2023 Nobel Prize (Karikó & Weissman)
- ✅CRISPR-Cas9- 2020 Nobel Chemistry, Gene Editing
- ✅NexCAR19- India's first CAR-T Cell Therapy (IIT Bombay)
- ✅eSanjeevani- Government Telemedicine, 15+ crore consultations
- ✅ABHA Card- Ayushman Bharat Health Account, Digital Health ID
Military & Energy Technology
of IndiaDRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation)It has made great achievements in military technology. Missiles, fighter jets, submarines etc are developed in India.Solar energy, nuclear energy, hydrogen fuelwill meet future energy needs.
🎯 DRDO Army Technology
📊 Military & Energy Technology Comparison
| project | Type | Company | Special | condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agni-V | ICBM | DRDO | 5,500+ km, Nuclear | ✓ Active |
| Brahmos | Cruise Missile | India-Russia | Mach 2.8+, faster | ✓ Export |
| Tejas | Fighter Jet | HAL | 4th Gen, Made in India | ✓ Production |
| INS Vikrant | Aircraft Carrier | Cochin Shipyard | Indigenous, 45,000T | ✓ Commissioned |
| Green Hydrogen | Energy | Govt of India | ₹19,744 Cr, 5 MT/2030 | ⏳ Progress |
| Solar Energy | Renewable | Multiple | 70+ GW, 500 GW/2030 | ✓ Expanding |
⚡ Shortcuts - to remember
Agni Missiles
- Agni-I: 700 km
- Agni-II: 2,000 km
- Agni-III: 3,000 km
- Agni-IV: 4,000 km
- Agni-V: 5,500+ km (ICBM)
DRDO Organizations
- DRDO - Defense Research
- HAL - Hindustan Aeronautics
- BEL - Bharat Electronics
Energy Goals 2030
- 500GW - renewable energy
- 50% - Non-Fossil Fuel
- 5MT - Green Hydrogen
💡 Important points for exam
- ✅DRDO- 1958 Institute, Chairman: Sameer V. Kamat
- ✅Agni-V- India's ICBM, 5,500+ km, nuclear warhead capability
- ✅Brahmos- World's Fastest Cruise Missile, Mach 2.8+
- ✅Tejas- HAL Product, 4th Gen Fighter, Make in India
- ✅INS Vikrant- India's First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (2022)
- ✅Green Hydrogen Mission- ₹19,744 crore, 2030: 5 MT target
- ✅Solar Energy- 70+ GW, 2030 target: 500 GW
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