Biology - Principles, Classification, Evolution, Genetics, Diseases
Important biology principles, classification of organisms, evolution, genetics, physiology, nutrition, health and human diseases - TNPSC study notes.
Learning Content
🔬 Key Principles of Biology!
📊 Key principles - MASTER TABLE
| theory | Scientist | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Cell theory | Schleiden & Schwann | The basic unit of life is the cell |
| Embryonic theory | Johnson | The control center of the cell |
| Theory of Evolution | Charles Darwin | natural selection |
| Genetic theory | Gregor Mendel | Transmission of hereditary characteristics |
| Chromosome theory | Sutton & Bowery | Genes are on chromosomes |
| Biological appearance | Obarin & Haldane | The theory of chemical evolution |
| Germ theory | Louis Pasteur | Disease = caused by germs |
🔬 Cell structure
| cell membrane | Security, goods in/out |
| Cytoplasm | A place where life events take place |
| Nucleus | DNA is there, the control center |
| Mitochondria | Energy Factory (ATP) |
| ribosome | Protein production |
| Green business | photosynthesis (plant) |
🌿 Classification of living things!
Father of Taxonomy = Carolus Linnaeus
📊 FIVE WORLD CLASSIFICATION - WHITTAKER
| the world | trait | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Monira | Prokaryote | Bacteria |
| Protista | A single eukaryote | Amoeba, Paramecium |
| Fungus | juice | Mushroom, yeast |
| plant | Autotroph | Tree, grass |
| Animal | Heterotroph | Man, tiger |
🐾 Animal classification
| Protozoa | One | Amoeba |
| Porifera | Perforators | Sea sponge |
| Coelenterata | Cavities | Hydra |
| Worms | Flat/cylindrical | tapeworm |
| Arthropoda | ankles | Cockroach, bee |
| Mollusca | Gums | Snail |
| Cordata | spine | Fish, man |
📋 Classification Hierarchy
Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species
💡"King Philip Came Over For Good Soup"
🦎 Evolution!
Father of Evolution = Charles Darwin
📊 Theories of Evolution - Comparison
| theory | Scientist | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Lamarckism | Jean Lamarck | Use & Disuse |
| Darwinism | Charles Darwin | Natural selection, the fittest survive |
| Modern theory | Huxley & others | Genetic modification + natural selection |
📚 Darwin - Key Book
📖"Origin of Species"(1859)
🚢HMS BeagleTravel by ship
🏝️Galapagos Islands- Research
🔬 Evolutionary evidence
| Fossil evidence | Archeopteryx - Bird + Reptile |
| Analogous elements | Man hand = bat wing |
| Degenerate organs | Appendix |
| Embryonic development | All embryos are the same |
🧬 Genetics!
Father of Genetics = Gregor Mendel
📊 DNA vs RNA - Comparison
| feature | DNA | RNA |
|---|---|---|
| Expansion | Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid | Ribo Nucleic Acid |
| Sugar | Deoxyribose | Ribose |
| alkalis | A, T, G, C | A, U, G, C |
| fibers | Double coil | single strand |
| action | Legacy information storage | Protein production |
💡DNA = T (Thymine)|RNA = U (Uracil)
🔬 Mendel's Laws
| Ongu character rule | Dominant gene will be expressed |
| Division rule | Alleles will segregate (3:1). |
| Rule of independent synthesis | One attribute does not affect the other |
🧬 Chromosome
| the man | 46 (23 pairs) |
| Milk chromosome | XX = Female, XY = Male |
| Down syndrome | 47 chromosome (21st extra) |
❤️ Physiology - Blood & Heart!
🩸 Blood Types - MASTER TABLE
| blood type | Antigen | antibody | can get | can give |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | A | b | A, O | A, AB |
| B | B | a | B,O | B, AB |
| AB | A, B | - | Everything | AB only |
| O | - | a, b | O only | Everything |
🎯AB = Universal Recipient(all available)
🎯O = Universal Donor(Can be given to all)
🩸 Blood cells
| RBC (red blood cell) | O₂ & CO₂ transport | Hemoglobin |
| WBC (white blood cells) | Disease resistance | Warriors |
| Platelets | Blood clotting | Wound closure |
❤️ Heart
| rooms | 4 (2 auricles + 2 ventricles) |
| pulse | 72/min |
| Pacemaker | SA Node |
| BP is normal | 120/80 mmHg |
🥗 Nutrition - Vitamins!
📊 Vitamins - MASTER TABLE
| vitamin | Chemical name | Deficiency disease | By |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Retinol | evening | Carrot, papaya |
| B₁ | Thiamin | Periphery | grain |
| B₂ | Riboflavin | opportunity | Eggs, milk |
| B₃ | Niacin | Bellagra | Fish, meat |
| B₁₂ | Cyanocobalamin | Anemia | Meat, eggs |
| C | Ascorbic acid | Scurvy | Lemon, Nellie |
| D | Calciferol | Rickets | Sunshine, Pisces |
| E | Tocopherol | Sterility | Vegetable oil |
| K | Phylloquinone | Blood clots | Lettuce, Cabbage |
🔬 Mineral nutrients
| Calcium | Bone, tooth | Milk, spinach |
| Iron | Hemoglobin | Lettuce, dates |
| Iodine | Thyroid | Seafood |
| Sodium | Nerve function | Salt |
💪 Health & Immunity!
🛡️ Types of immunity
🔵 Innate immunity
- Skin - the first line of defense
- White blood cells (WBC)
- Tears, saliva - lysozyme
- Fever - Pathogen Destruction
🟢 Acquired immunity
- Active:By vaccination
- Passive:through breast milk
- Antibody formation
- Memory cells
💉 Important vaccines
| BCG | Tuberculosis (TB) |
| DPT | Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus |
| OPV | Polio |
| MMR | Measles, mumps, rubella |
🦠 Human Diseases - Important Information!
🔴 Bacterial diseases
| TB | Mycobacterium | BCG vaccine |
| Cholera | Vibrio cholerae | by water |
| Typhoid | Salmonella | dirty food |
| Plague | Yersinia pestis | Rat/Tick |
| Leprosy | Mycobacterium leprae | Long contact |
🔵 Viral diseases
| AIDS | HIV | Blood, sex |
| Dengue | Aedes mosquito | Plates are low |
| Rabies | dog bite | Nerve influence |
| Smallpox | Varicella | through the air |
🟢 Protozoan diseases
| Malaria | Plasmodium | Anopheles mosquito |
| Amoebiasis | Entamoeba | dirty water |
📝 TNPSC Main Question-Answers!
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
1. Mitochondria are called?
Power House of Cell
2. What is the complete form of DNA?
✅ Deoxyribonucleic Acid
3. Father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
4. O Blood - Universal?
✅ Universal Donor
5. AB Blood - Universal?
✅ Universal Recipient
6. Mosquito that transmits malaria?
✅ Anopheles female mosquito
7. Vitamin C deficiency?
✅ Scurvy
8. BCG vaccine - which disease?
✅ Tuberculosis (TB)
9. Who discovered Rh Factor?
✅ Landsteiner & Wiener
10. Total number of chromosomes in human?
✅ 46 (23 pairs)
🚀 Memory Formulas - Biology!
🧠 Vitamin Deficiency - "RABCD SKR"
Retinol - evening primrose |Ascorbic - scurvy |Beriberi - B₁ |Calciferol - rickets |D- K - blood clotting
💉 Vaccine Recall – “BCG – DPT – OPV – MMR”
BCG =BigCughGone (TB)
DPT =Diptheria,Pertussis,Tetanus
OPV =OralPolioVaccine
MMR =Measels,Mumps,Rubella
🩸 Blood group - simple reminder
| O= Zero Antigens = UniversalDhonor |
| AB= All Both = UniversalRecipient |
| Rh+= discovery in Rhesus monkey |
🔬 Cell Organelles Memory
🔋Mitochondria =MEighty Power House
🏭Ribosome = pRotein Factory
📦Golgi =Gift Packing
🧹Lysosome =LItter (Suicide) Bag
📊 Important numbers
| The human chromosome | 46 |
| RBC durability | 120 days |
| WBC durability | 13 days |
| heartbeat | 72/min |
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