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Social Issues

Social Issues - Poverty, Unemployment, Population, Education, Health

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๐Ÿ’” Poverty - Poverty in India

Poverty line, measurement methods, reduction programs

๐Ÿ“Š Poverty Measurement - SVG
๐Ÿ’” Poverty Measurement ๐Ÿ“‹ Poverty Line Committees Poverty line determination groups ๐Ÿ“œ Alagh Committee 1979 Calorie Based Rural: 2400 Cal Urban: 2100 Cal ๐Ÿ“œ Lakdawala 1993 State Specific PLs CPI-AL (Rural) CPI-IW (Urban) ๐Ÿ“œ Tendulkar 2009 MRP Method Rural: โ‚น816/month Urban: โ‚น1000/month ๐Ÿ“œ Rangarajan 2014 MMRP Method Rural: โ‚น972/month Urban: โ‚น1407/month ๐Ÿ“ˆ Poverty Trend in India 1993-94 45.3% Lakdawala 2004-05 37.2% Tendulkar 2011-12 21.9% Tendulkar 2022-23 (Est.) ~5% NITI Aayog MPI ๐ŸŒ Global Poverty Measures World Bank: $2.15/day (2022) UNDP: MPI (Multidimensional) SDG Goal 1: End Poverty
๐Ÿ“Š Poverty Line Committees
Committee Year Method Rural PL Urban PL
Alagh 1979 Calorie Intake 2400 Cal 2100 Cal
Lakdawala 1993 State-wise PLs CPI-AL CPI-IW
Tendulkar 2009 MRP โ‚น816 โ‚น1000
Rangarajan 2014 MMRP โ‚น972 โ‚น1407

๐Ÿ“Š Unemployment - Unemployment in India

Types of Unemployment, Measurement, Solutions

๐Ÿ“Š Types of Unemployment - SVG
๐Ÿ“Š Types of Unemployment ๐Ÿ”ด Structural Unemployment Structural unemployment Skill Mismatch Technology Changes Long-term issue ๐ŸŸ  Cyclical Unemployment Cyclical unemployment Economic Recession Demand Shortage Business Cycle Related ๐ŸŸข Frictional Unemployment Frictional unemployment Job Transition Period Short-term Normal in Economy ๐Ÿ”ต Seasonal Unemployment Seasonal unemployment Agriculture Sector Tourism, Construction Specific Seasons ๐ŸŸฃ Disguised Unemployment Hidden unemployment More Workers Than Needed Zero Marginal Productivity Common in Agriculture ๐Ÿ”ต Open Unemployment Open unemployment Willing But No Job Actively Seeking Work Measured by NSSO ๐Ÿ“‹ Measurement Agencies NSSO โ†’ NSO National Sample Survey Office PLFS - Periodic Labor Force Survey Current Rate (2023-24) Urban: ~6.5% Rural: ~5.5%
๐Ÿ“Š Unemployment Types
Type English Explanation Example
structure Structural Skill Mismatch Technology Change
Cycle Cyclical Economic Downturn Recession Period
Friction Frictional Job Change Period Between Jobs
Seasonal Seasonal Specific Season Agriculture
disappeared Disguised Zero Productivity Family Farm
transparent Open Willing but No Work Job Seekers

๐Ÿ‘ฅ Population - Population of India

Census Data, Demographic Transition, Population Policy

๐Ÿ‘ฅ Population Statistics - SVG
๐Ÿ‘ฅ Population of India - Census 2011 ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ณ Total Population: 121.08 Crore World Rank: 2nd | Share: 17.5% India overtakes China in 2023 (140+ Crore) ๐Ÿ“ˆ Decadal Growth 17.7% 2001-2011 Lowest Since 1921 ๐Ÿ“Š Sex Ratio 943 Females per 1000 Males Kerala: 1084 (Highest) ๐Ÿ“š Literacy Rate 74.04% Male: 82.14% Female: 65.46% ๐Ÿ™๏ธ Urbanization 31.16% Urban Population Rural: 68.84% ๐Ÿ“Š State-wise Rankings (2011) ๐Ÿฅ‡ Most Popular 1. UP โ€“ 19.98 Cr 2. Maharashtra - 11.24 Cr 3. Bihar - 10.41 Cr ๐Ÿ“ˆ Highest Density 1. Bihar - 1106 2. WB - 1028 3. Kerala โ€“ 860 ๐Ÿ“š Highest Literacy 1. Kerala โ€“ 94% 2. Mizoram - 91.3% 3. Tripura - 87.2% โ™€๏ธ Best Sex Ratio 1. Kerala โ€“ 1084 2. Puducherry - 1037 3. TN - 996 ๐ŸŽฏ Population Policy Milestones 1952: Family Planning (1st in World) 2000: National Population Policy Target TFR: 2.1 (Achieved!) Census: Every 10 Years | Next: 2021 (Postponed)
๐Ÿ“Š Census 2011 Key Data
feature value Notes
Total Population 121.08 Crore World 2nd (Now 1st)
Decadal Growth 17.7% Lowest since 1921
Density 382/sq.km India Average
Sex Ratio 943 Child SR: 914
Literacy 74.04% M:82.14%, F:65.46%
Urban % 31.16% Rural: 68.84%

๐Ÿ“š Education & ๐Ÿฅ Health

Education Policy, Health Indicators, Key Schemes

๐Ÿ“š Education & Health - SVG
๐Ÿ“š Education & ๐Ÿฅ Health ๐Ÿ“š Education Policies NEP 1968 Kothari Commission 10+2+3 System 6% of GDP for education 3 Language Formula NEP 1986 Rajiv Gandhi Operation Blackboard Navodaya Vidyalaya IGNOU, UGC Reform NEP 2020 5+3+3+4 System Mother Tongue Medium Multidisciplinary GER 50% by 2035 RTE Act 2009 Article 21A Free Education 6-14 25% EWS Quota No Detention Till 8th ๐Ÿฅ Health Indicators ๐Ÿ‘ถ IMR Infant Mortality Rate 28 per 1000 Live Births Lowest: Kerala (6) ๐Ÿคฐ MMR Maternal Mortality 97 per Lakh Live Births Target SDG: 70 ๐Ÿ“Š TFR Total Fertility Rate 2.0 Children per Woman Replacement: 2.1 โœ“ ๐Ÿ’ช Life Expectancy Average Lifespan 70.19 Years (2020-24) M:68.4, F:71.4 ๐Ÿฅ Major Health Schemes Ayushman Bharat โ‚น5 Lakh Cover PM-JAY 2018 NHM National Health Mission NRHM + NUHM JSY Janani Suraksha Institutional Delivery Mission Indradhanush Immunization 7 Diseases ๐ŸŽฏ Health Expenditure Target: 2.5% of GDP | Current: ~2.1% National Health Policy 2017 | Doctor: Population Ratio Target 1:1000
๐Ÿ“Š Education Policy Evolution
Policy Year Key Features
NEP 1968 1968 10+2+3, 6% GDP, 3 Languages
NEP 1986 1986 Operation Blackboard, Navodaya
RTE Act 2009 Free 6-14, 25% EWS, Art 21A
NEP 2020 2020 5+3+3+4, Mother Tongue, 50% GER

๐Ÿ“Š HDI & Key Indices

Human Development Index, Global Indices, Rankings

๐Ÿ“Š Global Indices - SVG
๐Ÿ“Š Major global indexes ๐Ÿ“ˆ HDI (Human Development Index) UNDP Report | Published: Since 1990 India Rank: 134/193 (2024) Value: 0.644 (Medium) 3 Parameters: Health, Education, Income ๐ŸŒ HDI Components 1. Life Expectancy (Health) 2. Mean Years of Schooling (Education) 3. Expected Years of Schooling 4. GNI per Capita (Income) ๐Ÿฝ๏ธ Global Hunger Index India Rank: 111/125 (2024) Score: 27.3 (Serious) 4 Indicators Published by: Concern Worldwide ๐Ÿ˜Š Happiness Index India Rank: 126/143 (2024) UN Sustainable Development Solutions 6 Parameters Top: Finland โ™€๏ธ Gender Gap Index India Rank: 129/146 (2024) WEF Report 4 Sub-indices Top: Iceland ๐ŸŒฟ EPI (Environment) India Rank: 180/180 (2022) Yale University 32 Indicators Top: Denmark ๐Ÿ’ฐ CPI (Corruption) India Rank: 93/180 (2023) Transparency International Score: 39/100 Top: Denmark ๐Ÿ“ฐ Press Freedom India Rank: 159/180 (2024) RSF (Reporters Sans) Frontiรจres Top: Norway
๐Ÿ“Š Global Indices Summary
Index India Rank Publisher Top Country
HDI 134/193 UNDP Switzerland
GHI 111/125 Concern Worldwide Belarus
Happiness 126/143 UN Finland
Gender Gap 129/146 WEF Iceland
EPI 180/180 Yale Denmark
CPI 93/180 T.I Denmark
Press Freedom 159/180 RSF Norway

๐ŸŽฏ Social Issues - Shortcuts & Tricks

Simple Ways to Remember for TNPSC Exam

๐Ÿ“ Memory Tricks - SVG
๐ŸŽฏ Shortcuts & Memory Tricks ๐Ÿ“œ Poverty Committees - "ALTR" Alphabetical + Year Order A = Alagh (1979) L = Lakdawala (1993) T = Tendulkar (2009) R = Rangarajan (2014) ๐Ÿ‘ฅ Census 2011 Key Numbers "121 - 17 - 943 - 74" 121 = Population (Crore) 17.7 = Decadal Growth % 943 = Sex Ratio 74 = Literacy % ๐Ÿ“š NEP Years - "68-86-20" National Education Policy 1968 = 10+2+3 System 1986 = Navodaya, Blackboard 2020 = 5+3+3+4 System RTE 2009 = Art 21A, 6-14 Age ๐Ÿฅ Health Indicators "IMR-MMR-TFR" IMR = 28 (per 1000) MMR = 97 (per Lakh) TFR = 2.0 (Below 2.1 โœ“) Life Exp = 70 Years ๐Ÿ“Š HDI Trick - "HEI" 3 Components H = Health (Life Expectancy) E = Education (Schooling) I = Income (GNI per Capita) India: 134th Rank, 0.644 Score ๐Ÿ† State Toppers "Kerala King" Literacy: Kerala (94%) Sex Ratio: Kerala (1084) Lowest IMR: Kerala (6) Bihar = Highest Density (1106)
๐Ÿ“Š Quick Comparison Tables
๐Ÿ”ด Unemployment Types - Quick Recall
Structural Skills mismatch Technology change
Cyclical Economy Recession Demand is low
Seasonal Agriculture Seasonal work
Disguised Zero Productivity Family Farm
๐ŸŽฏ TNPSC Important Points
๐Ÿ”ฅ Most Asked in TNPSC:
  • Poverty Committees:Alagh-Lakdawala-Tendulkar-Rangarajan (ALTR)
  • Census 2011:121 Cr, 17.7%, 943 SR, 74% Literacy
  • Kerala:Best in Literacy, Sex Ratio, IMR
  • UP:Most Popular | Bihar: Highest Density
  • HDI:UNDP, 134th Rank, Health-Education-Income
  • NEP 2020:5+3+3+4 System, Mother Tongue
โœ… Global Index Publishers:
  • HDI= UNDP
  • GHI= Concern Worldwide + Welthungerhilfe
  • Happiness= UN SDSN
  • Gender Gap= WEF (World Economic Forum)
  • EPI= Yale University
  • CPI= Transparency International
  • Press Freedom= RSF (Reporters Without Borders)
Previous Topic Rural Welfare Schemes
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